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Showing posts with label Definations. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Definations. Show all posts

Tuesday, 30 December 2014

Google does NOT consider CPC while paying you! So why do you?

Yes! While paying you for a click, Google doesn't consider the CPC an advertiser is willing to pay. So, why do you put so much emphasis on CPC? Google considers many other factors while deciding your payout. Predict your AdSense earnings by studying the behavior of keywords. Start thinking beyond CPC, and choose the right keywords for your Adsense websites.

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Glossary for Web Developer

Apache Apache is a freely available Web server that is distributed under an "open source" license. Version 2.0 runs on most Unix-based operating systems (such as Linux, Solaris, Digital UNIX, and AIX), on other UNIX/POSIX-derived systems (such as Rhapsody, BeOS, and BS2000/OSD), on AmigaOS, and on Windows 2000.
Apple/Apple Computer Apple Computer, Inc. is a prominent hardware and software company best known for its Macintosh series of personal computers. Introduced in 1984, the Macintosh was the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). That feature and others -- such as an improved floppy drive design and a low-cost hard drive that made data retrieval faster and more reliable -- helped Apple cultivate a reputation for innovation, which the company still enjoys today.
Application A software piece or module designed to fill the specific needs of a user; for example, software for project management, issue tracking, file sharing, etc. This contrasts with system software, e.g. operating systems like MS Windows or UNIX.
Backup A copy of database and associated files set aside for security purposes. In case of data loss, backup is used to recover the working database or files.
Back end Administrative mode of a shopping cart protected by administrator's login and password and not accessible for customers.
Bandwidth In computer networks, bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data transfer rate - the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second). This kind of bandwidth is usually expressed in bits (of data) per second (bps). Occasionally, it's expressed as bytes per second (Bps). A modem that works at 57,600 bps has twice the bandwidth of a modem that works at 28,800 bps.
BSD BSD (originally: Berkeley Software Distribution) refers to the particular version of the Unix operating system that was developed at and distributed from the University of California at Berkeley. "BSD" is customarily preceded by a number indicating the particular distribution level of the BSD system (for example, "4.3 BSD"). BSD UNIX has been popular and many commercial implementations of UNIX systems are based on or include some BSD code.
CD-ROM CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound. The original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the 1983 Yellow Book.
Cookie A cookie is information that a website puts on your hard disk so that it can remember something about you at a later time. (More technically, it is information for future use that is stored by the server on the client side of a client/server communication.) Typically, a cookie records your preferences when using a particular site. Using the Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), each request for a Web page is independent of all other requests. For this reason, the Web page server has no memory of what pages it has sent to a user previously or anything about your previous visits. A cookie is a mechanism that allows the server to store its own information about a user on the user's own computer. You can view the cookies that have been stored on your hard disk (although the content stored in each cookie may not make much sense to you). The location of the cookies depends on the browser. Internet Explorer stores each cookie as a separate file under a Windows subdirectory. Netscape stores all cookies in a single cookies.txt fle.
C++ C++ is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language that is viewed by many as the best language for creating large-scale applications. C++ is a superset of the C language. A related programming language, Java, is based on C++ but optimized for the distribution of program objects in a network such as the Internet. Java is somewhat simpler and easier to learn than C++ and has characteristics that give it other advantages over C++. However, both languages require a considerable amount of study.
Document When used in reference to the WebAsyst applications, a document is any file containing text, media or hyperlinks that can be transferred from/to a server.
DOM Document Object Model (DOM), is a programming interface specification being developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It lets a programmer create and modify HTML pages and XML documents as full-fledged program objects.
Download A process of transferring to your computer a copy of a file that resides on another computer.
Ecommerce (electronic commerce) The conducting of business communication and transactions over networks and through computers. Specifically, ecommerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital communications.
Front end Also referred to as 'storefront'. A part of online store available for public use, where customers can navigate through products catalog and place orders.
Gigabyte A gigabyte (pronounced GIG-a-bite with hard G's) is a measure of computer data storage capacity and is "roughly" a billion bytes. A gigabyte is two to the 30th power, or 1,073,741,824 in decimal points.
Groupware Collaboration software, also known as groupware, is a software tool that integrates the work of multiple concurrent users located at separated workspaces. Usually a groupware package consists of several web based applications designed for the automation of your collaborative activities.
GUI interface A GUI (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web browser. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were infamously brief.
Hardware In information technology, hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other devices. The term arose as a way to distinguish the "box" and the electronic circuitry and components of a computer from the program you put in it to make it do things. The program came to be known as the software.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) In a personal computer, a hard disk drive (HDD) is the mechanism that controls the positioning, reading, and writing of the hard disk, which furnishes the largest amount of data storage for the PC. Although the hard disk drive (often shortened to "hard drive") and the hard disk are not the same thing, they are packaged as a unit and so either term is sometimes used to refer to the whole unit.
Hosting A way of using web based software. Does not require installation of any software pieces on your desktop computer. Instead, all your software applications, database and files are located on a computer in the Internet, which is maintained by your host provider for a certain monthly fee.
HTML An acronym for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML codes are interpreted by the web browser to format documents in a particular way.
IIS IIS (Internet Information Server) is a group of Internet servers (including a Web or Hypertext Transfer Protocol server and a File Transfer Protocol server) with additional capabilities for Microsoft's Windows NT and Windows 2000 Server operating systems.
Internet Explorer Internet Explorer (IE) -- sometimes referred to as Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE) -- is the most widely used World Wide Web browser. It comes with the Microsoft Windows operating system and can also be downloaded from Microsoft's website. The IE browser competes with an earlier browser, Netscape, now owned by AOL.
Issue A bug or defect report, work order, problem description, task or any request, which needs someone’s attention and action to be fixed, implemented or processed in some other way. Usually an issue is added in a list and someone is assigned to implement it.
JAVA (JAVA Script) Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object-oriented programming model. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page.
Kernel The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. A synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an operating system that interacts with user commands. Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix operating systems than in IBM mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems.
Linux Linux (often pronounced LIH-nuhks with a short "i") is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing system. Linux's kernel (the central part of the operating system) was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland.
Megabyte (MB) As a measure of computer processor storage and real and virtual memory, a megabyte (abbreviated MB) is 2 to the 20th power bytes, or 1,048,576 bytes in decimal notation. According to the IBM Dictionary of Computing, when used to describe disk storage capacity and transmission rates, a megabyte is 1,000,000 bytes in decimal notation.
Memory Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly. When your computer is in normal operation, its memory usually contains the main parts of the operating system and some or all of the application programs and related data that are being used. Memory is often used as a shorter synonym for random access memory (RAM). This kind of memory is located on one or more microchips that are physically close to the microprocessor in your computer. Most desktop and notebook computers sold today include at least 16 megabytes of RAM, and are upgradeable to include more. The more RAM you have, the less frequently the computer has to access instructions and data from the more slowly accessed hard disk form of storage.
Merchant account A written, commercial bank account established by contractual agreement between a merchant/business and a bank and/or a payment gateway. The agreement contains the respective rights, warranties, and duties with respect to accepting bankcards like Visa or MasterCard. You must apply for this account directly from your bank, or from the Payment Processor.
Mozilla Mozilla was Netscape Communication's nickname for Navigator, its Web browser, and, more recently, the name of an open source public collaboration aimed at making improvements to Navigator. This public collaboration was essentially launched and is still substantially supported by Netscape (now owned by AOL); however, the Mozilla project is independent. Netscape can use its code but so can anyone else.
MySQL MySQL (pronounced "my ess cue el") is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL), the most popular language for adding, accessing, and processing data in a database. Because it is open source, anyone can download MySQL and tailor it to their needs in accordance with the general public license. MySQL is noted mainly for its speed, reliability, and flexibility. Most agree, however, that it works best when managing content and not executing transactions.
Netscape Netscape, now part of America Online (AOL), is one of the two most popular Web browsers. Currently, almost all Internet users use either Microsoft's Internet Explorer (MSIE) browser or Netscape, and many users use both. Although Netscape was initially the predominant product in terms of usability and number of users, Microsoft's browser is generally considered superior by many users (although many other users see them as roughly equivalent) and has taken a significant lead in usage. Netscape's browser,called "Navigator," was developed in 1995.
Open Source Open source is a philosophy of software distribution that allows anyone to read and modify the program's source code. Because anyone can modify the source code, bug fixes, improvements or implementation of new specific features occur rapidly.
Oracle Oracle (in ancient Greece, someone in touch with the deities; from Latin, oraculum or divine announcement) says it is the world's leading supplier of software for information management but it is best known for its sophisticated relational database products (notably Oracle9i), which are used in Fortune 1000 corporations and by many of the largest websites. Oracle's relational database was the world's first to support the Structured Query Language (SQL), now an industry standard.
OS (Operating System) An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).
Payment gateway A combination of software and hardware that provides an interface to the bank card processing network. Typically Payment gateway is a company that provides the transaction-processing network that receives encrypted transactions from a merchant’s website and sends them to the card issuing bank for approval.
PC (Personal Computer) In its more general usage, a PC (personal computer) is a computer designed for use by one person at a time. Prior to the PC, computers were designed for (and only affordable by) companies who attached terminals for multiple users to a single large computer whose resources were shared among all users. Beginning in the late 1980s, technology advances made it feasible to build a small computer that an individual could own and use. The term "PC" is also commonly used to describe an "IBM-compatible" personal computer in contrast to an Apple Macintosh computer.
Pentium The Pentium is a widely-used personal computer microprocessor from the Intel Corporation. First offered in 1993, the Pentium quickly replaced Intel's 486 microprocessor as the microchip-of-choice in manufacturing a personal computer. The original Pentium model includes two processors on one chip that contains 3.1 million transistors.
Plug-in Plug-in applications are programs that can easily be installed and used as part of your Web browser. Initially, the Netscape browser allowed you to download, install, and define supplementary programs that played sound or motion video or performed other functions. These were called helper applications. However, these applications run as a separate application and require that a second window be opened. A plug-in application is recognized automatically by the browser and its function is integrated into the main HTML file that is being presented.
Project An undertaking that encompasses a set of tasks or activities having a definable starting point and well defined objectives. Usually each task has a planned completion data (due date) and assigned resources.
PHP The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor is a programming language that allows web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is basically used for developing web based software applications.
Server 1) In information technology, a server is a computer program that provides services to other computer programs (and their users) in the same or other computers. 2) The computer that a server program runs in is also frequently referred to as a server (though it may be used for other purposes as well).
3) In the client/server programming model, a server is a program that awaits and fulfills requests from client programs in the same or other computers. A given application in a computer may function as a client with requests for services from other programs and also as a server of requests from other programs.
Specific to the Web, a Web server is the computer program (housed in a computer) that serves requested HTML pages or files. A Web client is the requesting program associated with the user. The Web browser in your computer is a client that requests HTML files from Web servers.
Shopping cart Software that operates on an online storefront. The "shopping cart" keeps track of all the items that a buyer wants to purchase, allowing the shopper to pay for the whole order at once.
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol. A protocol that describes a model for packing XML enquiries and responses. SOAP messaging is used to enable exchange of a variety of XML information between server and client computers.
SQL SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard interactive and programming language for getting information from and updating a database. Although SQL is both an ANSI and an ISO standard, many database products support SQL with proprietary extensions to the standard language. Queries take the form of a command language that lets you select, insert, update, find out the location of data, and so forth. There is also a programming interface.
Task A piece of work that is part of the total work needed to accomplish a project. Also called an activity. A task usually has an expected duration and cost. A Project usually encompasses a number of tasks being implemented sequentially and/or simultaneously.
Trial A period of free usage of a product or services. Usually provided by a vendor for evaluation purposes. The Customer usually does not pay for trial and makes the decision to purchase only if satisfied with a service or product during this trial period.
URL This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator, The addressing system used in the World Wide Web and other Internet resources. The URL contains information about the method of access, the server to be accessed and the path of any file to be accessed, e.g. http://www.servername.com/foldername/pagename.html
Visual Basic Visual Basic (VB) is a programming environment from Microsoft in which a programmer uses a graphical user interface to choose and modify preselected sections of code written in the BASIC programming language. Since Visual Basic is easy to learn and fast to write code with, it's sometimes used to prototype an application that will later be written in a more difficult but efficient language. Visual Basic is also widely used to write working programs. Microsoft says that there are at least 3 million developers using Visual Basic.
Web Based Software A specific and relatively new class of software. All software components usually reside on a web server. Access to the web based software application is through a web-browser, the web based software only needs to be installed on one web server machine. Users can gain quick and timely access to a wider variety of existing information, anytime, and from anywhere in the world.
Web server A computer, including software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. More specifically, a server is a computer that manages and shares web based applications accessible anytime from any computer connected to the Internet.
XML Acronym for Extensible Markup Language. An open standard for exchanging structured documents and data over the Internet that was introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in November 1996.

PHP Definition


The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP -- yes, the first "P" in the acronym does indeed stand for PHP!) allows web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP applications are normally found on Linux servers and in conjunction with MySQL databases. It provides those servers with functionality similar to that provided to the Windows platform by Active Server Pages technology.

TQM Definition

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management approach that aims for long-term success by focussing on customer satisfaction. TQM is based on the participation of all members of an organization in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work.

Utility Computing Definition


Utility computing refers to the ability of companies to access computing services, business processes, and applications from a utility-like service over a network. The idea being that if a company has to pay only for what it is using then it will be able to save money. While the company offering utility computing services can benefit from economies of scale by using the same infrastructure to service multiple clients. The alternative is to buy hardware that can handle peak loads, but is often using something along the lines of 15% of available resources. Utility computing is the evolutionary step up from Application Service Providers. The underlying technology for utility computing is grid computing -- the network of connected storage and CPUs from multiple systems into a centrally managed, but flexible computing environment.

iPod Definition


An iPod is a palm-sized, electronic device primarily created to play music. Unlike a traditional walkman or portable CD-player, the iPod is capable of storing a large number of tracks and playing for many, many hours on a single battery charge. The iPod owes much of its success not in what it does, but in how it does it. Apple, the creator of the iPod, seems to have found the perfect combination of simplicity and functionality. Plus, a clever marketing campaign and Apple's ongoing efforts to remain relevant, resulted in the iPod striking a chord with the right demographic in a way that no other portable music player has in recent times.

Virus Definitions


Antivirus programs use a handful of techniques to identify viruses. The oldest and most common method is through the use of virus definitions. When a virus is discovered, antivirus vendors examine and look for all the changes it makes to a system. These changes can include modifying files, creating new files, and updating the system registry. All of these changes together form a list that can be used to identify the virus on other computers. This list is called a virus definition. Because viruses are created and modified all of the time, new virus definitions are created. Thus, part of the routine of checking for viruses involves downloading the new list. Unfortunately for consumers, virus definitions aren't interchangeable between programs and so you need to visit the vendor's web site or use the built-in update feature.

WiMAX Definition


Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a communications technology that uses radio spectrum to transmit tens of megabits per second in bandwidth between digital devices such as laptop computers. Similar to WiFi, WiMAX brings with it the ability to transmit over far greater distances and to handle much more data. WiMAX was developed by equipment manufacturers, service providers, and software companies around the world all of who were motivated to ensure that equipment, regardless of who made it, would will interoperate. In practice, WiMax will likely be made available to consumers by companies such as Cingular and Verizon. These companies have purchased the necessary rights to the radio spectrum and are building nationwide networks. WiMAX will coexist as a radio capability on the mobile computer, along with other radio technologies such as wireless fidelity and third-generation (3G), for many years.

Wireless Mesh Definition


Wireless mesh technology was developed for the US Defense Department. Basically, it was a way for tanks on the battle field to communicate with one another and a central system. Each tank was an access point (AP). An AP would talk to its nearest AP who would relay the messages to another close AP, passing messages up and down the line. The network was smart in that you could take out one tank and it would heal itself, finding the shortest way back to the central command center.

Today, wireless mesh has evolved. Most mesh technologies still use a single radio for sending the information up and down the network as well as connect with a customer device like a phone or internet connection. In practical terms, this limits the speed (bandwidth) of the network, and also means that the system can go no further than 3 hops before it needs to find a connection into the internet fiber backbone as a single radio system loses, on an average, about two thirds of its speed over three hops.

WiMax and cellular technology systems are based on the single cell tower system. Mesh uses small radios or access points which are much cheaper to deploy and which connect to each other with many possible routes, passing information up and down the system.

.NET Definition


.NET is both a business strategy from Microsoft and its collection of programming support for what are known as Web services, the ability to use the Web rather than your own computer for various services. Microsoft's goal is to provide individual and business users with a seamlessly interoperable and Web-enabled interface for applications and computing devices and to make computing activities increasingly Web browser-oriented. The .NET platform includes servers; building-block services, such as Web-based data storage; and device software. It also includes Passport, Microsoft's fill-in-the-form-only-once identity verification service. The .NET platform is expected to provide:
  • The ability to make the entire range of computing devices work together and to have user information automatically updated and synchronized on all of them
  • Increased interactive capability for Web sites, enabled by greater use of XML (Extensible Markup Language) rather than HTML
  • A premium online subscription service, that will feature customized access and delivery of products and services to the user from a central starting point for the management of various applications, such as e-mail, for example, or software, such as Office .NET
  • Centralized data storage, which will increase efficiency and ease of access to information, as well as synchronization of information among users and devices
  • The ability to integrate various communications media, such as e-mail, faxes, and telephones.
  • For developers, the ability to create reusable modules, which should increase productivity and reduce the number of programming errors
According to Bill Gates, Microsoft expects that .NET will have as significant an effect on the computing world as the introduction of Windows. One concern being voiced is that although .NET's services will be accessible through any browser, they are likely to function more fully on products designed to work with .NET code. The full release of .NET is expected to take several years to complete, with intermittent releases of products such as a personal security service and new versions of Windows and Office that implement the .NET strategy coming on the market separately. Visual Studio .NET is a development environment that is now available. Windows XP supports certain .NET capabilities.

GIF Definition

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a bitmap image format for pictures with up to 256 distinct colours. The format was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web. GIFs are compressed files, and were adopted to reduce the amount of time it takes to transfer images over a network connection.

A GIF file employs lossless data compression so that the file size of an image may be reduced without degrading the visual quality. Contrast this to the JPEG file format which discards data to achieve file size reductions. The GIF format's 256-colour limitation makes it unsuitable for photographs. Therefore, GIF is normally used for diagrams, buttons, and drawings, that have a small number of colors, while the JPEG format is used for photographs.

Many software vendors were caught by surprise when it was revealed that the GIF format had been patented by Unisys and that they would have to pay royalties for writing programs that generated (or displayed) GIF files. The desire for a comparable format with fewer legal restrictions (as well as fewer technical restrictions such as the number of colours) led to the development of the PNG (Portable Network Graphics) standard. Although the GIF patents will expire in the near future, PNG is still touted as a technically superior alternative, and has become the third most common image format on the web.

Database Definition


In the broadest sense, a database is anything that stores data. A phone book, for instance, could be considered a database as it stores related pieces of information such as name and phone number. However, in the world of computers, a database usually refers to a collection of related pieces of information stored electronically. Aside from the ability to store data, a database also provides a way for other computer programs to quickly retrieve and update desired pieces of data. The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records, or pieces of knowledge. Typically, for a given database, there is a structural description of the type of facts held in that database: this description is known as a schema. The schema describes the objects that are represented in the database, and the relationships among them. There are a number of different ways of organizing a schema, that is, of modelling the database structure: these are known as database models (or data models). The most common model for a database is a relational model. These databases are organized by fields, records, and tables. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a table is a collection of records. With this simple model, just about any relationship between any collection of data can be represented.

Ethernet Definition


Ethernet is a network standard for data transmission using either coaxial or twisted pair cable. In the LAN (local area network) world, ethernet is the most widely used standard. Until recently, ethernet ran at 10 megabits per second, but it is just as common now for ethernet-based systems to run at 100 megabits per second. Still newer systems have been developed to transfer data at 1000 megabits per second (equivalent to a gigabit). While ethernet isn't going away any time soon, the last few feet between users and the network is rapidly being serviced by wireless technologies. Wireless offers greater flexibility to the user, but is much slower than Ethernet.

Definition of Modem

Modem is actually an odd acronym for Modulator-Demodulator. A modem takes a digital signal from your computer and converts to an analog signal so that it can be transferred through a phone line. This conversion is necessary because modems make use of regular phone lines which are analog. Newer technologies don't require this conversion, but more often than not, the term modem is still used. Since modems use phonelines, their transfer speeds are limited. The best modems can transmit data at approximately 56KB/s or maybe 112KB/s on a good day. That might seem like a lot except when you compare it to a typical corporate network or to broadband where speeds can easily reach 1000 KB/s

Definition of BMP

BMP (short for bitmap) is a graphic format used internally by the Microsoft Windows graphics subsystem, and used commonly as a simple graphics file format on that platform. BMP files are usually not compressed, so they are typically much larger than compressed image file formats such as JPEG or PNG. Despite its shortcomings, the simplicity of BMP and its widespread use in Microsoft Windows and elsewhere, as well as the fact that this format is well-documented and free of patents, makes it a very common format. As such, many image programs are likely to be able to read in BMP files.

Definition of CPU

The CPU (central processing unit) is the part of a computer controls the interpretation and execution of instructions. Generally, the CPU is a single microchip, but that doesn't necessarily have to be the case. In the consumer desktop and laptop market, the CPU market is dominated by Intel, AMD, and IBM. These manufacturers supply the computer makers such as Dell, HP, and Apple. Due to its importance to every computing task, the speed of the CPU, usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) is the number that most vendors use in their marketing campaigns. In the past, the larger the number, the faster the computer could be expected to be. However, in recent years, the speed of the CPU has had less impact as other components of a computer take on more and more of the workload. Also, differences in technology mean that a slower chip that performs more calculations per cycle can actually be faster than a higher rate chip doing fewer calculations per cycle.

Definition of RAM

Random-access memory (RAM) refers to a storage technology that allows you to read and write data as many times as needed. Contrast this to ROM which allows data to be written once after which it permits only reading. RAM is typically erased when a computer is shut down, though some RAM chips maintain data indefinitely without electrical power. Technically, RAM devices are not limited to memory chips, and random-access memory as a storage format is not limited to use as working memory. In a broad sense, modern storage devices for long-term or secondary storage, including magnetic media and laser-readable CDs and DVDs, are forms of random-access memory.

Definition of ROM


Read-only memory (ROM) refers to a storage technology that allows you to write data only once. After the data has been written, you can read it an unlimited number of times. Contrast this with random-access memory (RAM) that allows you to read and write data as many times as needed. Originally, the term ROM referred to memory chips. However, with the creation of other stored devices, the term is being used more widely. In particular, CD-ROM is used to distinguish CDs that can only be read and not written too.

CRM Definition


Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an information industry term for methodologies, software, and usually Internet capabilities that help an enterprise manage customer relationships in an organized and efficient manner. In many cases, an enterprise builds a database about its customers. This database describes relationships in sufficient detail so that management, salespeople, and customer service reps can access information; match customer needs with product plans and offerings; remind customers of service requirements; know what other products a customer had purchased; etc. There are three parts of application architecture of CRM.

1. Operational CRM

Operational CRM means supporting the so-called "front office" business processes, which include customer contact (sales, marketing and service). Tasks resulting from these processes are forwarded to employees responsible for them, as well as the information necessary for carrying out the tasks and interfaces to back-end applications are being provided and activities with customers are being documented for further reference.

2. Analytical CRM

In analytical CRM, data gathered within operational CRM are analyzed to segment customers or to identify cross- and up-selling potential. Data collection and analysis is viewed as a continuing and iterative process. Ideally, business decisions are refined over time, based on feedback from earlier analysis and decisions. Business Intelligence offers some more functionality as separate application software.

3. Collaborative CRM

Collaborative CRM facilitates interactions with customers through all channels (personal, letter, fax, phone, web, e-mail) and supports co-ordination of employee teams and channels. It is a solution that brings people, processes and data together so companies can better serve and retain their customers. The data/activities can be structured, unstructured, conversational, and/or transactional in nature. Collaborative CRM provides the following benefits:
  • Enables efficient productive customer interactions across all communications channels.
  • Enables web collaboration to reduce customer service costs.
  • Integrates call centers enabling multi-channel personal customer interaction.
  • Integrates view of the customer while interaction at the transaction level.
CRM has to two typical implementation methods: on-premise and on-demand/hosted. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as described below. On-premise CRM is appropriate for:
  • Companies seeking to implement highly customized customer-management practices
  • Companies that need specialized data structures
  • Companies with complex or real-time integration requirements
  • Companies with available in-house IT resources and support systems
  • Companies who can afford the up-front capital investment and fixed costs
  • Companies who deal with sensitive data that don't want other parties to see
On-demand/hosted CRM is appropriate for:
  • Customers seeking to implement standard processes from a variety of industries and companies
  • Companies that are able to use standard data structures
  • Companies with more basic integration requirements
  • Companies with limited technical resources and support personnel
  • Companies seeking variable pricing and lower up-front costs
  • Companies dealing with nonproprietary data
 
 
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